Semax: sequence, relationship with ACTH and studied cellular mechanisms

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide, which is a compound composed of seven amino acid residues. Its sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, written as MEHFPGP. It was designed using a fragment of the structure of the adrenocorticotropic hormone, known by the abbreviation ACTH. However, Semax and full ACTH are not the same molecule.

In the literature, Semax appears in studies on BDNF signalling, gene expression, nerve cell responses and ischaemia models, among other topics. These subjects need to be distinguished. A change in the amount of protein in a rat's brain is not standalone evidence of improved human memory, and an observation in a cellular model does not describe all the consequences within an organism.

The following article explains the identity of the peptide, the key concepts appearing in publications, and the limits of result interpretation. It concerns the substance, rather than a specific product. The terms „nootropic”, „neurotrophic” and „neuroprotective” are presented as terms requiring connection to an actual model and measurement.

How to read MEHFPGP?

Each letter stands for a single amino acid residue. Conventionally, the sequence is read from the amino end, i.e., N, to the carboxyl end, i.e., C. In Semax, the first residue is methionine and the last is proline.

Position	Three-letter code	Letter	Amino acid
1	Met	M	Methionine
2	Glu	E	Glutamic acid
3	His	H	Histidine
4	Phe	F	Phenylalanine
5	Pro	P	Proline
6	Gly	G	Glycine
7	Pro	P	Proline

The sequence is a description of a single molecule. It does not mean a mixture of seven free amino acids. Two prolines occupy different positions in the chain, and their presence is counted twice when determining the length. A total of seven residues represent six types of amino acids. The primary sequence is also given by the publication concerning BDNF in the rat hippocampus. Dolotov et al., 2006.

What connects Semax with ACTH?

ACTH is a peptide hormone with a longer sequence. The first four residues of Semax, Met-Glu-His-Phe, correspond to positions four to seven in ACTH. This is followed by the Pro-Gly-Pro fragment. Hence the notation ACTH(4–7)-PGP.

In older literature, Semax is sometimes called an ACTH(4–10) analogue. This does not mean it is an unchanged fragment of the natural hormone covering those positions. The word „analogue” indicates a structural relationship and modification, rather than complete identity.

Therefore, the clearest description contains both the name and the exact sequence. This avoids confusing Semax with full ACTH, its natural fragments, and other analogues. Similarity to a hormone fragment does not justify attributing all the properties of that hormone to the peptide.

What is the Pro-Gly-Pro fragment?

Pro-Gly-Pro, or PGP, forms the three terminal positions of Semax. This short segment also appears in research on other peptides. However, the shared fragment does not make the different molecules equivalent.

PGP itself is a tripeptide, and Semax is a heptapeptide. If the study covers both compounds, the results should be attributed to the appropriate substance. The comparison can help assess the significance of the fragment, but it does not mean that it is responsible for all observations regarding the full sequence.

PGP should also not be treated as a universal guarantee of durability or barrier permeation. Properties depend on the entire molecule and the environment. Stating that a modification had a specific design objective is different information from a measurement confirming its behaviour under specific conditions.

Why do KPV and D-proline not describe basic Semax?

KPV stands for Lys-Pro-Val, meaning lysine, proline and valine. This fragment does not occur in the base sequence MEHFPGP. Therefore, Semax should not be presented as a molecule formed by attaching KPV to its beginning.

Also, the description of the proline substitution in the second position does not match this sequence: glutamic acid is in the second position. The D and L residue designations refer to spatial configuration and should only appear when such a structure is actually being described.

This is an example showing why it is worth checking the consistency of a verbal explanation with the amino acid table. The recognisable name of the peptide alone does not protect against confusing it with another analogue. In the case of Semax, the sequence MEHFPGP allows such discrepancies to be quickly spotted.

Linear structure and conformation

Basic Semax has a linear peptide chain. Linearity refers to the way the residues are linked, rather than a permanently straightened shape. The molecule can adopt various spatial arrangements, known as conformations.

Without data, it should not be defined as permanently helical, nor should its interaction with receptors be explained solely by such a diagram. The spatial model is a representation dependent on the conditions assumed. It can help formulate hypotheses, but it does not replace the study of the actual system.

End groups and residue configuration are also essential for identification. A derivative with a modified terminus requires a separate description. Partial sequence identity does not imply full chemical identity. That is why results concerning basic Semax must be distinguished from those for analogues and specially modified derivatives.

Is Semax the same as Selank?

Semax and Selank are different peptides. Both are sometimes discussed together and contain the PGP fragment, but they differ in the rest of their sequence and design history. However, the common segment does not establish identical action.

For the reader, the most important thing is to check the name and full structure in the given publication. A study on Selank is not a source confirming the properties of Semax just because the authors classified both compounds as regulatory peptides.

Also, general comparisons like „one for memory, the other for peace” reduce complex literature to utilitarian promises. A neutral description should present actual research areas and types of measurements. Structural similarity may justify a scientific comparison, but it does not replace data for each specific substance.

What does a nootropic effect test mean?

The term „nootropic” appears in publications concerning cognitive processes, such as learning and memory. The mere use of this word does not indicate what test was performed or on whom. In animal studies, the performance of a specific task is frequently evaluated.

The result of such a task may depend not only on memory, but also on movement, reaction to a stimulus, motivation and other factors. Therefore, researchers need additional measurements to separate possible explanations.

Regarding Semax, therefore, one should write about a specific model and reaction. Altering how a rat performs a task is not a direct measurement of concentration during human work. The term „nootropic” should introduce the research topic rather than replace details or constitute a promise of improved mental performance.

Neurotrophic and neuroprotective: different meanings

„Neurotrophic” refers to processes associated with, among other things, the development, maintenance and functioning of nerve cells. „Neuroprotective” describes the mitigation of specific consequences of damage in the studied system. These concepts can overlap, but they are not synonyms.

In the publication on Semax, it must be checked whether the amount of protein, cell survival, lesion size in the tissue, or animal behaviour was assessed. Each of these results describes a different level. They should not be lumped together into a general claim about „brain repair”.

Also, more living cells in culture do not prove the restoration of a proper connection network. Mature function requires appropriate organisation and communication. A scientific term only becomes comprehensible when accompanied by information on what was actually measured.

What is BDNF?

BDNF is a protein involved in signalling that is important for nerve cells. Its full name is sometimes translated as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. It is neither a simple „intelligence gauge” nor a single memory switch.

A 2006 study on Semax analysed BDNF and the TrkB receptor in the rat hippocampus. The authors described changes at the RNA, protein and receptor activation levels, and assessed animal behaviour. These results should be kept as separate parts of the experiment. Dolotov et al., 2006.

The type of tissue and the timing of the measurement matter. A change in one region of the brain does not necessarily occur equally in the others. Therefore, a local result should not be presented as an increase in BDNF throughout the whole body or as an automatic improvement in all cognitive functions.

TrkB receptor and signal transduction

TrkB is a receptor involved in receiving specific neurotrophic signals. The amount of the receptor and the degree of its activation are different characteristics. In studies, one can evaluate, among other things, phosphorylation, which is a protein modification associated with the regulation of signalling.

The change in TrkB activation after exposure to Semax does not mean by itself that Semax is BDNF or directly takes its binding place. The involvement of other stages of the response is possible. To indicate direct contact, appropriate evidence is needed.

In a popular explanation, it is best to separate the signal, the receptor and the subsequent cell response. Such organisation is simpler than a list of abbreviations and prevents all elements from being equated with a single mechanism. Observing several changes in the same experiment does not yet determine the full causal chain.

RNA, protein and cell function

RNA can mediate the use of information contained in a gene. Measuring its quantity helps to assess expression. However, this does not automatically imply the same change in the amount of the active protein.

A protein must be formed, assume the correct conformation and end up in the right place. It can also undergo transformations and degradation. Therefore, Semax's research into RNA and proteins can provide complementary, yet distinct information.

Yet another level is the function of the whole cell or tissue. A change in a marker does not have to correspond to a proportional change in behaviour. The description should therefore specify the stage of measurement. The phrasing „Semax regulates genes” is too broad if it is not known which genes, in what material, and with what downstream significance were analysed.

Transcriptome: many genes in a single test

A transcriptome is the set of RNA molecules present in a given material at a specific time. Analysing multiple signals simultaneously makes it possible to spot patterns that are not visible when studying a single gene. At the same time, it requires careful statistical analysis.

A 2014 publication investigated Semax in a rat focal cerebral ischaemia model and analysed genes related to the immune and vascular systems. This was a specific tissue model, rather than a measurement of general „immune boosting”. Medvedeva et al., 2014.

The signal change may result from cellular activity or from a change in their proportions within the sample. Therefore, it does not automatically prove a direct effect of the peptide on every gene. Conclusions require reference to the tissue composition and confirmation of selected observations.

Ischaemia and reperfusion in Semax research

Ischaemia means restricted blood flow to a tissue, and reperfusion the restoration of flow. These stages can be associated with various processes. The model encompassing them is not identical to every clinical situation described as a stroke.

A 2021 study analysed the brain protein profile of rats in such a model. The authors related the results to processes associated with tissue response to injury. The scope of this work concerns animals and the proteins determined. Sudarkina et al., 2021.

This result should not be turned into an assurance of the efficacy of Semax in patients. The limitation stems from the model, not from the word „experimental” itself. A reliable description indicates what was evaluated and what question remains open after the experiment is concluded.

Immune and inflammatory response

The immune system is also involved in reactions taking place in the nervous tissue. Changes in genes associated with this response do not necessarily mean a simple activation or suppression of the entire immunity.

The study of Semax and PGP analysed the expression of immune response genes during ischaemic brain injury in rats. The comparison of the two peptides is important because the full sequence and its fragment are distinct materials. Medvedeva et al., 2017.

Whether a specific change matters in a given model also depends on the stage of the process. A greater amount of one signal is not always beneficial, and a smaller amount does not automatically mean a better outcome. In the description, it is best to stick to the concrete observation rather than using a general assurance about restoring immune balance.

Dopamine and serotonin

Dopamine and serotonin are neurotransmitters involved in many processes. They cannot be reduced to single labels such as „motivation” or „happiness”. The meaning of the signal depends on the location, receptors and conditions.

A publication regarding Semax analysed dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in rodents. Such a result provides information about the neurochemical model studied. It does not independently confirm mood improvement, anxiety relief or the treatment of depression in humans. Eremin et al., 2005.

It is also necessary to distinguish between neurotransmitter concentration, its release, metabolism and receptor response. These are different measurements. The general statement „Semax increases dopamine” can overlook these differences and suggest a result much broader than actually described in the publication.

Amyloid models and the role of copper

Amyloid beta is being studied in relation to the formation of protein clusters and fibrils. Its behaviour depends, among other things, on its environment. Experimentation in a simplified system allows selected interactions to be analysed, but does not reproduce the disease as a whole.

In the study on Semax, amyloid aggregation was evaluated in the presence of copper and artificial membrane models. This was an investigation of physicochemical interactions in a specific system. It did not constitute a clinical trial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Sciacca et al., 2022.

The change in fibril formation does not describe all forms of aggregates or their significance for cells on its own. Therefore, the terms „anti-aggregatory” and „neuroprotective” require separate justification. The model may point to an interesting research direction, but it should not be presented as a reproduction of the full biological situation.

The hypothesis regarding ADHD and Rett syndrome

In 2007, a paper was published in the journal Medical Hypotheses proposing further research into Semax in the context of ADHD and Rett syndrome. The author considered a possible link to BDNF and other previous observations. This was not a study demonstrating efficacy in individuals with these diagnoses. Tsai, 2007.

A hypothesis is a proposition that can be tested. Its publication is not equivalent to confirmation. Also, the fact that the title mentions a specific disease does not mean that patients with that disease participated in the study.

In an educational article, it is worth maintaining this distinction explicitly. This makes it possible to explain where the popular association comes from, without presenting the research proposal as a clinical outcome or suggesting any use of the peptide.

Extra-neural research

In the extensive literature, Semax also appears in relation to models of other organs. This does not mean that every such result forms part of a single, completely explained mechanism. Tissues differ in structure, function and response to injury.

When reading these papers, one must check whether blood flow, microscopic appearance, chemical markers, or organ function were assessed. Changing one element does not describe all the others. Also, an animal stress model is not the same as the everyday tension experienced by a human.

Ordering research by model and measurement therefore remains the most useful approach. A general list of organs creates the impression of a comprehensive action, but does not explain what was actually established. In the case of Semax, maintaining this precision makes it possible to stay on the topic of the peptide's biology.

Stability and degradation products

A peptide can undergo transformations, and its fragments do not necessarily have the same properties as the full sequence. Therefore, in studies of Semax, a distinction must be made between intact MEHFPGP and its degradation products.

Stability requires the determination of conditions, time and method. The behaviour of a material in a dry state does not automatically describe its behaviour in a solution or biological sample. The mere absence of a visible change does not confirm the preservation of the entire structure.

Also, the presence of methionine makes it impossible to determine the state of a specific sample without measurements. The oxidation of this residue is an example of a potential chemical modification that can be considered analytically, but its occurrence should not be assumed. The general description should explain the need for characterisation rather than establishing instructions for the preparation or storage of any given material.

Does the name of the derivative mean the same Semax?

Additional terms, such as acetylation or amidation, indicate chemical modifications. They are not merely a decorative version of the name. Changing the terminal group may distinguish the studied structure from base Semax.

Therefore, the results of MEHFPGP should not be extrapolated to every derivative containing the word Semax. A comparison of the full description and data is required. However, sequence similarity does not establish identical stability, transport, or biological response.

Also, the term „improved” requires clarification. It must indicate which characteristic was measured and in relation to which material. Without this, it creates an assessment that cannot be verified. In a neutral text, it is enough to name the modification and point out that it is a separate subject of research.

Identity and analytical quality

Semax characterisation may include chromatography, mass spectrometry and other appropriately selected methods. Each answers a specific question. A dominant chromatographic signal is not a standalone full description of identity.

Accurate mass supports identification, but does not necessarily resolve all differences in residue order and configuration. Conversely, peak area contribution does not always correspond to the mass fraction of the peptide in the total material. Water, counterions and other components require separate consideration.

Batch-specific data make it possible to link a sample to an analytical result. However, they do not automatically establish biological behaviour or safety. In the article about Semax, it is worth maintaining a separation between the reference structure, material characterisation and experimental results. These are related, but distinct, elements of knowledge.

How should one understand safety information?

The study has a defined scope of observation. The absence of a selected adverse outcome does not confirm the absence of all possible consequences. The time elapsed, the type of model and the method of data collection are all significant.

In the case of Semax, safety guarantees should not be derived from the short sequence, the similarity to an ACTH fragment, or the chemical purity of the sample. Furthermore, a result concerning a protein or animal behaviour does not independently answer the question of human safety.

A neutral description should avoid assertions about the absence of side effects, interactions and hormonal influence in every situation. Structural similarity and the lack of a specific reaction in a particular study are information of limited scope. They do not replace a complete biological evaluation and do not establish the suitability of any material for use.

Why do the location and time of measurement change the interpretation?

Response to Semax can be analysed in a specific brain region, in a selected cell population, or in a blood sample. These materials are not interchangeable. A value measured outside the brain does not necessarily correspond directly to the value in a specific neural structure. Similarly, measurement of whole tissue may combine signals originating from several cell types.

Time also matters. An early change in gene expression and a later change in protein amount are not the same event. If publications measuring at different time points are compared, the discrepancy does not necessarily mean a simple error in one of them. It may reflect the dynamics of the studied process.

Therefore, the description of Semax should provide context for a specific result. The reader does not need to know all the laboratory details to understand that a local signal is different information from the response of the whole organism. Such clarification also helps to assess whether two publications actually investigated the same question. A common protein name is not enough if the material, observation time and assay method differ.

Frequently asked questions about Semax

What is Semax?

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, written as MEHFPGP. Seven residues form a single molecule connected by peptide bonds. In the literature, it is studied, amongst other things, in the context of BDNF signalling, gene expression, and models of neural tissue response to injury. These areas are not automatically a list of confirmed applications. When reading publications, one must check the model and the actual measurement. The name Semax defines the reference structure, whereas the results pertain to a specific material and experimental conditions. Such a distinction is the basis for a reliable description of the peptide.

What does the abbreviation MEHFPGP mean?

MEHFPGP is the single-letter code for the consecutive amino acid residues of Semax. They correspond to methionine, glutamic acid, histidine, phenylalanine, proline, glycine and proline again. The sequence is read from the amino end to the carboxyl end. It is not an arbitrary set of components, because the order co-creates the identity of the molecule. Changing it means a different peptide, even if the amino acid composition remains the same. Additional modifications of the terminal groups or residue configurations also require description. Mere agreement of a few letters is not sufficient to consider different materials as identical Semax.

Is Semax a full ACTH hormone?

Semax is not full ACTH. Its initial four residues correspond to the ACTH fragment spanning positions four to seven, followed by Pro-Gly-Pro. Hence the designation ACTH(4–7)-PGP. The term ACTH(4–10) analogue, found in older titles, points to a structural relationship rather than identity with the unmodified fragment of the hormone. The difference matters because a result concerning full ACTH is not automatically a result concerning Semax. Sequence similarity helps to understand the history of the design, but does not replace data on the properties of the specific molecule.

Does Semax contain the KPV fragment?

The basic Semax sequence does not contain the KPV fragment. KPV stands for Lys-Pro-Val, whereas Semax has the sequence MEHFPGP and ends with a Pro-Gly-Pro segment. The description of attaching KPV to the beginning of Semax is therefore inconsistent with the given structure. Similarly, the second position of Semax corresponds to glutamic acid, not proline. Checking such details makes it possible to spot the confusion of different peptides or analogues. It is best to compare the full sequence and information regarding modifications, rather than relying solely on common terms such as regulatory peptide or hormone analogue.

Does PGP have the same properties as Semax?

PGP is a shorter peptide comprising three residues that form the final part of Semax. It is not the entire MEHFPGP sequence. Comparison of both materials may help in studying the significance of the fragment, but does not allow one to assume identical properties in advance. The full structure influences possible interactions and transformations. Therefore, the result assigned to PGP should remain a result concerning PGP, and the observation of Semax requires a separate description. Furthermore, the shared segment does not establish identical stability or transport. Each such characteristic requires measurement under specific assay conditions.

Does an increase in BDNF mean better memory?

A change in BDNF is information about a specific element of signalling, rather than a direct measure of memory. Location, time and type of measurement matter. In Semax research, a distinction should be made between RNA, protein quantity, receptor activation and animal behaviour. These results may complement each other, but one does not replace the others. Memory involves many processes and cannot be described by a single marker. Therefore, an observation in the rat hippocampus is not standalone proof of improved memorisation or concentration in humans. Interpretation should remain tied to the actually applied model and task.

Does Semax directly activate the TrkB receptor?

The observed change in TrkB activation does not in itself prove the direct binding of Semax to this receptor. It may involve the participation of other signalling elements. To demonstrate direct contact and its significance, appropriate experiments are needed. It is worth distinguishing between the amount of the receptor, its activation state and the subsequent cellular response. Such a distinction makes it possible to correctly interpret studies concerning BDNF and Semax. The presence of several changes in a single system may support the proposed mechanism, but it does not automatically determine which stage is the beginning of the response and whether all observations are connected by a direct causal relationship.

Does changing gene expression mean changing the genetic code?

A change in expression means a change in the utilisation of information, for example the amount of RNA produced. It does not necessarily mean a change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA. In research into Semax, this distinction is important because the phrase „acts on genes” might suggest the modification of the genetic code. Different data would be required to reach such a conclusion. Furthermore, a greater amount of RNA is not automatically a greater amount of active protein. Regulation exists between these stages. The article should therefore indicate a specific measurement and its scope, rather than combining all levels into a general claim about cell reprogramming.

Does neuroprotection mean the regeneration of neurones?

Neuroprotection describes the limitation of specific consequences of injury in the studied model. It does not automatically mean the creation of new neurones or the restoration of the entire network of connections. In the publication about Semax, it may concern cell survival, markers, or tissue imagery. Each of these results requires separate presentation. Even a greater number of living cells does not independently show their mature function. To speak of the restoration of structure and action, additional criteria are needed. Therefore, the scientific term is worth explaining through actual measurement, without replacing it with a broad promise of brain regeneration.

Was the publication about ADHD a patient study?

The cited 2007 text in Medical Hypotheses put forward a proposal for further research into Semax in the context of ADHD and Rett syndrome. It was not a trial demonstrating efficacy in a group of patients with these diagnoses. A title mentioning a condition does not automatically mean that the author conducted a clinical trial. A hypothesis links earlier observations into a possible explanation that still requires testing. It is worth keeping this distinction in mind, because popular summaries often turn a research proposal into a seeming result. A reliable description indicates the type of publication when discussing its significance.

Does the amyloid test confirm efficacy in Alzheimer's disease?

Investigating amyloid aggregation in an artificial system is not standalone confirmation of activity in Alzheimer's disease. The publication on Semax, copper and membrane models analysed specific physicochemical interactions. It did not encompass the full complexity of the disease or patient evaluation. The alteration of fibril formation is a single result, which must be distinguished from the effect on cells, tissues and cognitive functions. The model may provide important information on the mechanism, yet should not be presented as evidence of treatment. Each successive level of interpretation requires data corresponding specifically to that question.

Can Semax and Selank be used interchangeably?

Semax and Selank are different structures. The shared Pro-Gly-Pro fragment and the frequent discussion of both names together do not establish identity. Research results for one peptide should not be attributed to the other without direct justification. Also, general labels regarding memory, stress or regulation do not replace the sequence and model description. When reading publications, it is worth checking the material used in the experiment, rather than just the review topic. Structural comparison can be useful, but remains a starting point for research, not proof of identical activity, stability or safety.

Are Semax derivatives the same substance?

A derivative containing a chemical modification requires a separate description. Acetylation or amidation are not merely another way of writing a name. They can alter the structure relative to the base MEHFPGP. Therefore, the results for Semax should not be automatically transferred to every derivative containing this word. It is necessary to compare the full material and data. The term „improved” also requires the indication of a specific measured characteristic. The modification itself does not state whether a given property has increased, decreased or remained similar. Such conclusions must stem from the study, not from the name.

Does the result of HPLC confirm all the properties of Semax?

PL allows the separation of components detected under specific conditions and is an important analytical tool. However, it does not describe all the characteristics of Semax. The main signal requires identification, and the share of peak areas does not necessarily correspond to the mass share of the peptide in the entire sample. Other components and structural ambiguities may require additional methods. The chromatographic result also does not establish biological activity or safety. Batch-specific documentation helps evaluate the material, but does not replace studies on its behaviour in cells, tissues or other models. The scope of the conclusion should correspond to the scope of the measurement.

What is worth checking before taking Semax?

It is worth establishing the full sequence of the studied material, the type of model and the exact result. Next, one needs to check whether the source presents an experiment, a review or a hypothesis. In Semax, the differences between ACTH and its analogue, PGP and the whole peptide, BDNF and memory, as well as cellular and clinical studies, are particularly important. It is also helpful to distinguish between RNA, protein and function. This way of reading makes it possible to understand the literature without specialist knowledge of every method. Above all, it protects against attributing conclusions to a publication that its actual scope does not support.

Disclaimer

The article is of an educational nature and concerns the structure of Semax and the interpretation of selected publications. It does not constitute medical advice, a product description, a purchase recommendation, or instructions for the preparation, dosing, or administration of the peptide. Cellular and animal observations do not independently confirm efficacy or safety for use in humans. The text does not replace the characteristics of a specific material and does not establish its suitability for clinical application. It is important to note that the article concerns the substance in general – it is not a description of a specific product (chemical reagent). 

Sources

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   2. Medvedeva E.V. et al. (2014). The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis. BMC Genomics, 15, 228. Publication record.

   3. Sudarkina O.Y. et al. (2021). Brain Protein Expression Profile Confirms the Protective Effect of the ACTH(4-7)PGP Peptide (Semax) in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 6179. Publication record.

   4. Medvedeva E.V. et al. (2017). Semax, an analogue of ACTH(4-7), regulates expression of immune response genes during ischaemic brain injury in rats. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 292, 635–653. Publication record.

   5. Eremin K.O. et al. (2005). Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents. Neurochemical Research, 30, 1493–1500. Publication record.

   6. Sciacca M.F.M. et al. (2022). Semax, a Synthetic Regulatory Peptide, Affects Copper-Induced Abeta Aggregation and Amyloid Formation in Artificial Membrane Models. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 13, 486–496. Publication record.

   7. Tsai S.J. (2007). Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), is a potential agent for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Rett syndrome. Medical Hypotheses, 68, 1144–1146. Publication record.