AOD 9604 (Tyr-hGH177-191) and FRAG HGH 176-191

Description of the potential effects of AOD 9604 based on the literature. (This is not a product description, disclaimer at the bottom of the page)

AOD9604 is a lab-made compound that is derived from a small portion of human growth hormone (hGH) [1]. Scientists created it to preserve hGH's ability to burn fat, while reducing the growth-related side effects of the full hormone. Unlike regular hGH, which can affect many parts of the body, AOD9604 mainly increases the breakdown of stored fat (lipolysis) and helps stop new fat from forming (lipogenesis) [2]. By focusing only on this part of the hormone, the researchers hoped to exploit the weight-control benefits of hGH without its usual drawbacks.

Scientists became interested in this particular fragment of hGH after noticing that it played a big role in breaking down fat. They made small changes, such as swapping one amino acid for another, to increase its fat-burning power, creating what is now called AOD9604. They tested it for weight loss and also looked at how it could help protect bone health, particularly in cases of post-menopausal bone weakness [3-5]. Early animal studies have shown that AOD9604 may offer some of the same bone-building benefits as full hGH, but with fewer side effects. Because AOD9604 appears to target fat metabolism without altering many other body processes, it continues to attract attention as a possible weight control treatment. It may also help strengthen bones, making it an attractive option for ongoing research.

Chemical structure of AOD9604

AOD9604 is a specially designed peptide that supports fat metabolism without the adverse effects associated with full-length hGH.

Key features of the AOD9604 structure include [6];

• Peptide backbone: Like all peptides, AOD9604 consists of a chain of amino acids linked by peptide (amide) bonds. This linear arrangement forms a core structure that allows it to interact with the body in specific ways.
• Functional groups: The amino acid chain contains groups such as hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH) and amine (-NH2). These functional groups are important for the biological activity of the peptide. They help AOD9604 to bind to the relevant cells or receptors, influencing fat breakdown.

AOD 9604 for bone health and osteoporosis

AOD9604 was originally developed to help with weight loss, as it can help break down fat. However, researchers have also been investigating whether it can help maintain strong bones, particularly in situations similar to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Early studies show that AOD9604 can improve bone mineral density (BMD), a key measure of how strong bones are, without causing many of the side effects associated with full-length growth hormone, such as changes in levels of other hormones. Much of this evidence comes from experiments on rats that have had their ovaries removed (a standard way of mirroring the bone loss seen in postmenopausal women).

In a 2004 study by Fawcett, older female rats without ovaries (known as OVX rats) were administered AOD9604 for 12 weeks [3]. By removing the ovaries, the researchers mirrored the way in which postmenopausal osteoporosis develops in women due to reduced estrogen levels. The rats showed significantly higher BMD in femurs and vertebrae compared to rats that did not receive AOD9604. Most of the improvements were noted in the bone cortex (dense outer shell), which became stronger and more fracture-resistant. However, the spongy inner part of the bone (the barrel region) showed no significant mechanical changes. An unexpected finding was that when AOD9604 was combined with oestrogen therapy, the positive effects on BMD and bone strength seemed weaker, suggesting that there may be an interaction between the mode of action of the peptide and the natural effects of oestrogen.

Another study, conducted by Rowe in 2007, also used OVX rats to investigate how different oral doses of AOD9604 (0.25 mg/kg/day and 0.5 mg/kg/day) affect bone health [4]. The treatment lasted 12 weeks and the results again indicated a significant protective effect on cortical bone. Both doses appeared to reduce bone fragility and maintain bone strength in this outer layer, which is essential for fracture prevention. Interestingly, the lower dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day provided more pronounced benefits for trabecular bone - such as reduced bone loss and increased bone formation - than the higher dose. These findings highlight that more peptide is not always better; sometimes moderate or lower doses may provide better results. Importantly, the fact that AOD9604 was administered orally in this study and still worked adds to its potential appeal as many current bone-related therapies are injectable.

In a 2009 study by Kamikovsky, Renlund and Grynpas, female rats underwent OVX surgery to induce bone loss and were then left untreated for 12 weeks to allow osteoporosis-like conditions to develop [5]. The researchers then divided the rats into groups receiving one of three daily doses of AOD9604 (0.01 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg or 0.25 mg/kg) for a further 12 weeks. This approach allowed them to see how each dose might affect bone. In all dose groups, AOD9604 appeared to promote new bone formation (anabolic effect) and reduce bone breakdown (antiresorptive effect). The researchers found improvements in both the outer cortical area, by increasing bone thickness and strength, and in the inner barrel area, which showed increased volume and better overall structure. Bone mechanical tests further confirmed higher stiffness, strength and toughness in rats treated with AOD9604, suggesting a noticeable effect on bone quality. It is worth noting that these benefits did not correlate with a large spike in IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) levels, which is important because full-spectrum growth hormone can elevate IGF-1 levels and lead to undesirable systemic side effects.

Furthermore, in a study by Kwon and Park (2015), researchers investigated whether AOD 9604 could also improve joint health in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA) [7]. By injecting AOD 9604 into the joint space (delivery injections), a noticeable improvement in cartilage integrity was observed, especially when combined with hyaluronic acid (HA). These positive changes were confirmed by both microscopic (histopathological) and visual (morphological) assessment of the joint tissue. Rabbits receiving AOD 9604 showed a shorter recovery time and shorter periods of lameness compared to rabbits in the control group. The combination of AOD 9604 and HA proved even more effective than the use of AOD 9604 alone, indicating that the two substances work together in a beneficial way to protect and repair joint tissue. As ultrasound guidance was used to deliver the injections directly to the damaged areas, this study also highlighted a potential non-surgical approach to treating osteoarthritis.

Interestingly, while AOD 9604 has traditionally been studied for fat metabolism, the results of all of the above studies point to potential benefits for bone health and osteoporosis. Firstly, AOD9604 consistently helps protect and strengthen the dense outer layer (cortical bone), which plays a major role in fracture prevention. Secondly, its effect on the inner, spongy trabecular bone may vary, but in some cases moderate or lower doses appear to have a more pronounced benefit than higher doses. Third, AOD9604 can be taken orally and still provide a protective effect, an exciting possibility for more convenient therapy. Fourthly, there may be a complex interaction with oestrogen; in one experiment, combining AOD9604 with oestrogen appeared to reduce the peptide's bone-building benefits. The improvement in joint function, along with reduced inflammation and improved cartilage protection, suggests that AOD 9604 may have broader application in the treatment of OA and possibly other joint-related conditions. If further human studies confirm these findings, AOD 9604, especially in combination with hyaluronic acid, could become an important tool for those seeking non-surgical alternatives to treat bone diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis etc.

AOD 9604 for liver health and fat metabolism

Dehbashi and colleagues (2021) investigated the potential effects of AOD 9604 on liver health and fat metabolism in mice [8, 9]. They included animals fed a high-fat diet to reflect non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and assessed whether AOD 9604 could provide benefits without the drawbacks of full-length growth hormone (GH).

In one study, mice were divided into four groups. One group acted as a control group, receiving no exercise or special treatment [8]. The second group performed only endurance exercise, while the third group combined endurance exercise with AOD 9604. The fourth group received injections of full-length GH (somatropin). After eight weeks, they found that the mice receiving AOD 9604 lost body fat without insulin resistance, which often happens with GH. They also had healthier liver enzyme (ALT) levels, suggesting less liver damage. Another notable finding was that AOD 9604 did not raise levels of cytokeratin-18 (CK18), a marker of liver cell damage, while GH treatment was associated with higher CK18 levels. They concluded that the addition of endurance training to AOD 9604 seemed to produce even better results.

Another study focused on endurance training and AOD 9604 alone, omitting the GH group [9]. The mice again followed a high-fat diet and were divided into four groups: a control group, an exercise-only group, an exercise and AOD 9604 group and an AOD 9604-only group (no exercise). At eight weeks, all groups receiving some form of treatment showed improvements in liver function, which was evident in lower ALT levels. However, exercise alone had the most significant effect on lowering CK18, indicating that it plays a major role in preventing liver cell damage. AOD 9604 by itself did not strongly reduce CK18, but importantly, it did not increase it either. Combining AOD 9604 with endurance training was found to improve insulin sensitivity and help break down fat without leading to insulin resistance.

These findings indicate that AOD 9604 reduces ALT levels in mice, an important sign of reduced liver stress, and does not increase CK18, suggesting minimal liver cell damage. Unlike full-length growth hormone, AOD 9604 promotes fat breakdown (lipolysis) without inducing insulin resistance, making it potentially safer for those at risk of diabetes. It is worth noting that combining AOD 9604 with regular exercise provided the most noticeable benefits. As AOD 9604 does not raise blood sugar levels or cause serious side effects, it shows potential as a treatment for obesity and the prevention of serious liver damage. Although further human studies are needed, these preliminary results offer an encouraging outlook for those facing metabolic challenges and early stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

AOD 9604 for obesity and weight loss

Animal and human studies have shown the potential benefits of peptide AOD9604 for weight loss, improved metabolic health and safer long-term use. Studies in mice and humans suggest that it can safely help people lose weight, lower cholesterol and improve their metabolic profile. In a preclinical study, Heffernan et al (2001) examined how AOD 9604 affected obese mice over 14 days of treatment [10]. They found that AOD 9604 significantly reduced body weight and body fat, mainly by increasing β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) activity, which plays a key role in burning stored fat. It is worth noting that in mice lacking β3-AR, AOD 9604 did not induce significant long-term weight loss, demonstrating how important this receptor is for its fat-burning action. However, even in these knockout mice, AOD 9604 still promoted some level of fat oxidation in short-term assays, suggesting that it may act through additional pathways. Equally importantly, AOD 9604 did not raise insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels or interfere with glucose metabolism, making it appear safer than full-length GH.

Further mechanistic reports come from Libinaki et al (2000), who used proteomics (the detailed study of protein changes) to see how AOD 9604 works at the cellular level [2]. Their study showed that AOD 9604 alters protein expression in a way that promotes fat metabolism and energy consumption, without interfering with IGF-1 or blood sugar control. This targeted effect on fat cells explains why AOD 9604 helps reduce body weight and body fat without causing the muscle-building or insulin resistance side effects that sometimes occur with full-length GH.

AOD-9604 has attracted considerable attention, in part because of a large early clinical trial involving 300 obese adults [11-14]. In this 12-week study, described by Herd et al (2005) and discussed further by Bray and Ryan (2007), participants were randomly assigned to receive one of several daily oral doses of AOD-9604 (ranging from 1 mg to 30 mg) or placebo [12, 13]. The group taking 1 mg daily lost an average of about 2.6 kg, significantly more than the 0.8 kg lost by the placebo group. The weight loss was maintained throughout the study, indicating that AOD-9604 can work as long as it is used. What made these results even more promising was that most people did not experience serious side effects and there were no alarming changes in IGF-1 or insulin resistance. Participants also experienced improvements in cholesterol levels and glucose tolerance and did not report serious side effects such as nausea, high blood pressure or palpitations. Despite this encouraging start, a subsequent 24-week study involving 536 participants did not show the same level of benefit, leading to the discontinuation of AOD-9604 development around 2007 (Misra, 2013) [14]. Researchers speculated that factors such as dose, study design or participant characteristics may have influenced these poorer results. Nevertheless, early data showed that AOD-9604 has an overall good safety profile and can help burn fat without causing the hormonal imbalances typical of full-length GH.

Furthermore, several laboratory studies have helped to clarify how AOD-9604 works. Heffernan et al (2001) compared the effects of standard hGH with AOD-9604 in obese mice and found that both therapies reduced weight gain and increased fat oxidation [15]. However, unlike hGH, AOD-9604 did not raise blood sugar levels or interfere with insulin production. Tests in cell cultures further showed that AOD-9604 does not bind to the same receptors as full-length GH, meaning that it avoids many of the actions associated with increased GH. This helps explain why AOD-9604 can induce fat burning without promoting cell proliferation or causing typical GH side effects. In another study, Ng et al (2000) administered oral doses of AOD-9604 to obese Zucker rats for 19 days [16]. These animals not only gained significantly less weight than the untreated rats, but also maintained normal insulin sensitivity. This is in contrast to standard GH therapy, which can sometimes reduce the body's ability to control blood sugar levels. By confirming that AOD-9604 can be taken orally and still reduce body weight without harming metabolic health, these results have strengthened the case for further human studies.

These findings, based on animal and human studies, indicate that the AOD9604 peptide shows less weight gain, better energy utilisation and a direct fat-burning effect. Early clinical studies with AOD-9604 showed modest but encouraging weight loss in humans. What's more, AOD9604 provides safety because it does not increase IGF-1 levels, cause insulin resistance or lead to serious problems such as high blood pressure or rapid heart rate. While some human studies have been positive, others have not achieved the desired level of weight loss, highlighting the need for improved dosing and study design. Further research is needed to confirm these findings over longer periods of time and on larger, more diverse groups of people

Safety and tolerability of peptide AOD9604

Numerous human clinical trials and laboratory (pre-clinical) studies have evaluated the safety and tolerability of AOD9604. The results consistently show that it does not raise insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, does not interfere with glucose control and does not induce a harmful immune response, a key concern that often arises with standard hGH therapies.

In six randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, Stier et al (2013) found that AOD 9604 had no negative effect on typical safety markers usually associated with hGH [17]. In particular, none of the participants showed elevated IGF-1 levels, which can be a warning sign of abnormal growth or acromegaly-like problems. AOD 9604 also did not reduce insulin sensitivity or increase blood glucose levels, unlike full-length GH, which can raise blood sugar levels and promote insulin resistance. Another encouraging result was the absence of any immunological reactions: no one developed antibodies against AOD 9604, suggesting that the body generally tolerates this peptide without perceiving it as a threat. There were no serious side effects during these studies, and the overall safety data were very similar to those of the placebo groups. These findings suggest that AOD 9604 could potentially provide some of the fat loss benefits of GH without the typical drawbacks of GH-based therapies.

In addition to human studies, researchers have conducted extensive laboratory tests on AOD 9604 to determine its safety for long-term or repeated use in animals. Moré and Kenley (2014) summarised various genotoxic (DNA-damaging) and toxicity tests, including the Ames test, chromosome aberration tests and bone micronucleus tests [18]. AOD 9604 consistently showed no evidence of genetic toxicity or organ damage, even when used at higher doses or for prolonged periods in rats and cynomolgus monkeys.

Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies in pigs and rats have shown that AOD 9604 is rapidly absorbed and efficiently broken down after oral administration, reducing the likelihood of harmful accumulation in the body. Chronic animal dosing tests of up to nine months also showed no toxicity. These results indicate the potential safety of AOD 9604, as it did not cause serious side effects, participants did not drop out due to the peptide and no antibodies to AOD 9604 were detected, and it did not damage DNA or cause deleterious changes in major organs, even with long-term use.

Human growth hormone (hGH) Fragments 176-191

Human growth hormone is a natural hormone containing 191 amino acids, produced in the pituitary gland [19]. It supports growth, metabolism and the way the body uses energy. However, within the full hormone, one smaller part called Fragment 176-191 has been studied for its particular ability to break down fat without causing many of the typical side effects of the hormone. It does this by increasing energy use and preventing some of the growth-related issues associated with full hormone.

Metabolic advantages of the hGH fragment 176-191

The hGH 176-191 fragment may help the body burn stored fat more efficiently, which may support weight loss or healthier body composition [19]. Unlike whole growth hormone (which can raise IGF-1 levels and possibly accelerate unwanted cell growth), this fragment mainly targets fat metabolism. This means that it may not have the same broad hormonal effects as the full hormone.

Potential of hGH fragment 176-191 in cancer therapy

Recent studies have revealed the potential of hGH Fragment 176-191 in the treatment of cancer, especially when combined with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin [19]. Researchers attempted to load both doxorubicin and hGH Fragment 176-191 onto tiny particles made of chitosan. In laboratory tests on breast cancer cells (MCF-7), this combination performed better in killing cancer cells than doxorubicin alone. The fragment appears to help doxorubicin adhere more strongly to cancer targets, which may lead to a more targeted attack on tumours and less effect on healthy cells. The chitosan nanoparticle delivery system was shown to be stable, suggesting that this approach could be developed for real-world treatments if further studies confirm its safety and efficacy.

Dosage of AOD9604

AOD9604 is most commonly used for fat loss and is usually injected under the skin (subcutaneously). The recommended amount depends on factors such as personal goals, previous experience with similar peptides and how well the individual tolerates the product.

Common guidelines suggest that beginners start with 200 mcg per injection, taken twice daily, usually once in the morning before breakfast and once before training [20-22]. Intermediate users often progress to 250 mcg per injection, twice daily, while advanced users sometimes go as high as 300 mcg. The total daily dose should generally not exceed 1,000 mcg, and when larger amounts are used, they are divided into multiple injections (such as 2-4 doses of 250-500 mcg each) [2]. To achieve the best fat-burning results, many people inject it around 30-60 minutes before a cardio session, on an empty stomach, and try to avoid eating fat or carbohydrates immediately afterwards. Most cycles last around 4-8 weeks, although some extend up to 12 weeks [20-22].

In terms of handling, HGH Fragment 176-191 must be mixed (reconstituted) with bacteriostatic water for injection and then stored in the refrigerator (at approximately 2-6 °C). As a peptide that primarily targets fat breakdown, it does not cause the higher IGF-1 levels or muscle-building effects associated with full-length HGH, making it a popular option for those aiming to reduce body fat during 'cutting' phases.

WADA statement on AOD-9604 and its prohibited status

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has clarified that AOD-9604 is still in preclinical and clinical development and has not been approved for medical use by any health authority [23]. As it is not officially recognised as a therapeutic drug, AOD-9604 is considered a banned substance on WADA's 2013 list of banned substances. Specifically, it falls into the S0 category, which includes any substance that has not been approved for human use, such as drugs still in development, experimental 'designer' drugs or drugs intended solely for animals [23].

WADA warns athletes not to use any products containing AOD-9604 as they may violate anti-doping regulations. The agency recommends checking with national anti-doping organisations or sports federations before taking any drug or supplement that may contain this peptide.

FDA approval of AOD9604

AOD-9604 has not been formally approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for weight loss or any other medical purposes. Despite its availability in some online or over-the-counter supplements, these products are not FDA-approved and may not meet standard safety or quality requirements. As a result, it may be difficult for consumers to confirm the authenticity and purity of AOD-9604 when purchased from unregulated sources.

As AOD-9604 remains in the research and testing stage, it has not undergone the comprehensive clinical trials required for FDA approval. This means that there is no official government evaluation to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans, including long-term effects on weight control or overall health.

Side effects of AOD-9604

Based on animal and human studies, AOD-9604 is well tolerated, but some people may experience minor side effects [17, 18]. Commonly reported problems include redness or irritation at the injection site, headaches, nausea and occasional bloating. Less commonly, users may notice changes in appetite or mild mood changes. As everyone's body reacts differently, it is important to watch for any side effects.

Dosage calculator AOD-9604

There is no widely recognised online/offline calculator for determining the exact dose of AOD-9604. Factors such as body weight, general health and medical recommendations will affect the appropriate dose. Many people start with daily doses in the 200-300 mcg range, but this can vary widely. To ensure safety and efficacy, the best course of action is to discuss dosage options with a physician who is knowledgeable about peptide therapy.

Will AOD-9604 affect blood tests?

Unlike full-length human growth hormone, AOD-9604 generally does not cause a noticeable increase in IGF-1 levels, meaning it may not have a significant effect on typical blood tests such as cholesterol or liver enzymes. However, everyone's body is unique, and certain underlying diseases or concomitant treatments may alter the response of the system.

How to use the AOD-9604?

AOD-9604 is usually injected just under the skin (subcutaneously), usually in the abdominal area. Many people administer it once or twice a day on an empty stomach to optimise its effect. A typical 'cycle' can last between four and 12 weeks, but the ideal duration may vary depending on individual health goals and needs. As injection technique and dosage are important for both safety and efficacy, it is best to speak to a qualified practitioner who can offer personalised guidance on the correct use of AOD-9604 and avoid potential complications.

Comparison of AOD-9604 and thiothromboplatin in weight management

People often discuss AOD-9604 and thiothiazepatide together because they both help with weight loss and metabolic health, but they work in very different ways [24, 25]. AOD-9604 is a fragment of human growth hormone designed to target body fat by stimulating fat breakdown while avoiding large increases in IGF-1 or direct effects on growth. It is generally thought to help reduce stored fat and limit the accumulation of new fat, and users typically report minimal effects on blood sugar levels. AOD-9604 is not currently approved by the FDA for any medical use, so it is often found in research settings or wellness clinics. It is administered by subcutaneous injection, usually in smaller daily doses, and some people notice mild side effects such as irritation at the injection site or occasional headaches.

On the other hand, tirzepatide is an FDA-approved drug (sold under the name Mounjaro) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is a dual agonist of the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, which means it helps the body produce more insulin in a controlled manner, improves cellular response to insulin and can reduce appetite by slowing digestion. Many people taking tirzepatide experience significant weight loss and better blood sugar control. Because it is designed for weekly injections, its dosing regimen is less frequent than that of AOD-9604. Potential side effects include nausea, diarrhoea and the risk of low blood sugar when used together with other glucose-lowering drugs.

Despite their differences, some people may be interested in combining AOD-9604 and thiothrombopeptide in the hope of combining their different benefits: AOD-9604 focuses on fat metabolism and thiothrombopeptide's ability to curb appetite and improve insulin sensitivity. However, there are no large-scale clinical trials of the two agents used together. This means that researchers do not yet know whether the combination is truly safe or more effective than using each separately. If you are considering trying both drugs, it is important to have a detailed discussion with your doctor to weigh the possible benefits against potential side effects (such as increased gastrointestinal upset or unpredictable metabolic changes).

Peptide AOD-9604 vs Tesamorelin

AOD-9604 is a fragment of human growth hormone (hGH) that mainly acts on fat metabolism without significantly increasing IGF-1 levels. It is often reported as a potential aid for weight loss or fat reduction, but there is no FDA approval for any specific condition. In contrast, tesamorelin is an analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) [26-28]. By inducing the pituitary gland to produce more natural growth hormone, it can increase IGF-1 levels and help reduce visceral fat. Tesamorelin is FDA-approved under the brand name EGRIFTA, primarily to manage unwanted abdominal fat in patients with HIV who have lipodystrophy.

Because tesamorelin increases IGF-1, it may be associated with a higher risk of growth hormone-related side effects, such as joint discomfort, swelling or changes in blood sugar levels. On the other hand, AOD-9604 typically causes fewer hormone-related concerns, but does not have as broad an FDA-approved use as tesamorelin in HIV lipodystrophy. For general weight management or body composition goals, tesamorelin is sometimes used 'off-label', but people should be aware of possible side effects and seek appropriate medical guidance. Anyone considering the use of these peptides should consult with a qualified healthcare professional to discuss safety, dosage and whether these therapies are compatible with their specific health needs.

Is AOD-9604 banned?

AOD-9604 is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical purposes and is not licensed for therapeutic use in most other regions. As a result, although it can be legally purchased in some places as a 'research peptide', its legal status varies from country to country. Under sports regulations, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has banned the use of AOD-9604 (grouping it with other growth hormone fragments). Athletes who test positive can be penalised or excluded from competition.

As this peptide does not have a formal approval process, products labelled as AOD-9604 may not always meet standard safety or quality requirements, especially those sold online. It is prudent to check your local regulations, understand your sports organisation's anti-doping rules and seek professional medical advice on AOD-9604 to ensure compliance and safety.

Disclaimer

This article has been written for educational purposes and is intended to raise awareness of the substance under discussion. It is important to note that the article is about the substance in general - it is not a description of a specific product (chemical reagent). We are not suggesting the use of chemical reagents on humans - this is prohibited by law, for a product to be used for treatment it must be registered as a medicine. The information contained in the text is based on available scientific research and is not intended as medical advice or to promote self-medication. The reader should consult with a qualified health professional for all health and treatment decisions.

References

1. Stier, H., Vos, E. and Kenley, D., 2013. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3(1-2), pp.7-15. .
2. Libinaki, R.; Gianello, R.; Ogru, E.; Heffernan, M.; Ng, F. . (2000). Using proteomics to understand the anti-obesity compound AOD9604's action in the treatment of obesity. Biochemical Society Transactions, 28(5), A261.4-A261. doi:10.1042/bst028a261c  https://pismin.com/10.1042/bst028a261c
3. Fawcett, E.E., 2004. Skeletal effects of a growth hormone-derived peptide (AOD9604) in a model of postmenopausal osteoporosis in aged rats. https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/1ab5818e-ccf6-4a4b-a7cf-c4e0a75f186e
4. Rowe, E.J., 2007. Can a growth hormone-derived peptide (AOD9604) prevent bone loss and fragility in a rat model of osteoporosis? https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/9cedc766-f5b6-4459-ba6b-3e67fae4e88a.
5. Kamikovski; R. Renlund; M.D. Grynpas. (2009). Does the growth hormone-derived peptide AOD9604 have anabolic effect on bone? , 44(supp-S2), 0-. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.047 https://pismin.com/10.1016/j.bone.2009.03.04
6. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Unii-7UP768IP4M
7. Kwon, D.R. and Park, G.Y., 2015. Effect of intra-articular injection of AOD9604 with or without hyaluronic acid in rabbit osteoarthritis model. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 45(4), pp.426-432. http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/45/4/426.short
8. Dehbashi, M., Fathi, M., Attarzadeh Hosseini, S.R. and Mosaferi Ziaaldini, M., 2021. Effects of eight weeks of endurance training, somatropin injection and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on cytokeratin-18 and liver enzymes of mice induced liver damage due to high-fat diet. Internal Medicine Today, 27(4), pp.502-517. https://imtj.
9. Dehbashi, M., Fathie, M., Hosseini, S.R., & Ziaaldini, M.M. (2021). اثر هشت هفته تمرین استقامتی و تزریق قطعه لیپولیتیک هورمون رشد (AOD9604) بر آنزیمهای کبد و CK18 موشهای سوری القاء شده به کبد چرب غیرالکلی ناشی از رژیم غذایی پر چرب.
10. Heffernan, M., Summers, R.J., Thorburn, A., Ogru, E., Gianello, R., Jiang, W.J. and Ng, F.M., 2001. The Effects of Human GH and Its Lipolytic Fragment (AOD9604) on Lipid Metabolism Following Chronic Treatment in Obese Mice andβ 3-AR Knock-Out Mice. Endocrinology, 142(12), pp.5182-5189. https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/142/12/5182/2988749
11. https://www.news-medical.net/news/2004/12/16/6878.aspx
12. Herd, C., Wittert, G., Caterson, L., Proietto, J., Strauss, B., Prins, J., Stocks, A., Vos, E. and Belyea, C., 2005. The effect of AOD9604 on weight loss in obese adults: results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Obesity Research, 13(3), pp.A27-A27. https://journals.
13. Bray, G.A. and Ryan, D.H., 2007. pharmacological treatment of overweight patients. Gastroenterology, 132(6), pp.2239-2252. https://www.
14. Misra M. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: current perspectives and future directions. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013 Feb 1;9(1):33-54. doi: 10.2174/157340313805076322. PMID: 23092275; PMCID: PMC3584306. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3584306/#.
15. Heffernan, M., Thorburn, A.W., Fam, B.C., Summers, R.J., Conway-Campbell, B.L., Waters, M., & Ng, F.M. (2001). Increased fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice induced by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or modified C-terminal fragment. International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1442-1449. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Increase-of-fat-oxidation-and-weight-loss-in-obese-Heffernan-Thorburn/fec91f4576f0c0d1795b8cfba5ad8eccb16b1c4b
16. Ng, F.M., Sun, J., Sharma, L., Libinaka, R., Jiang, W.J. and Gianello, R., 2000. Metabolic studies of the synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. Hormone research, 53(6), pp.274-278. https://karger.com/hrp/article-abstract/53/6/274/371690/Metabolic-Studies-of-a-Synthetic-Lipolytic-Domain?redirectedFrom=fulltext
17. Stier, H., Vos, E. and Kenley, D., 2013. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3(1-2), pp.7-15. .
18. Moré, M.I., & Kenley, D.L. (2014). Safety and Metabolism of AOD9604, a Novel Nutraceutical Ingredient for Improved Metabolic Health. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 4, 64-77. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Safety-and-Metabolism-of-AOD9604%2C-a-Novel-for-Mor%C3%A9-Kenley/3dfd33b87b7a620653288e23e2a1afe5b3bdaab3.
19. Habibullah MM, Mohan S, Syed NK, Makeen HA, Jamal QMS, Alothaid H, Bantun F, Alhazmi A, Hakamy A, Kaabi YA, Samlan G, Lohani M, Thangavel N, Al-Kasim MA. Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176-191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022 Jun 27;16:1963-1974. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S367586. PMID: 35783198; PMCID: PMC9249349. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9249349/
20. https://www.fortexpharma.com/hgh-fragment
21. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/anabolic-monster-hgh-fragment-176-191-25318524288.html
22. https://muscleandbrawn.com/peptides/hgh-frag/
23. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/news/wada-statement-substance-aod-9604
24. https://resources.mobilecarehealth.com/tirzepatide-and-aod9604/
25. https://www.rejuvcryo.com/the-science/2023/9/23/comprehensive-review-of-weight-loss-medications-ozempic-semaglutide-tirzepatide-mounjaro-wegovy-and-aod-9604-peptide
26. https://chicagoarthritis.com/peptides-for-weight-loss-explained-glp-1-cjc-1295-aod-9604-more/
27. https://wittmerrejuvenationclinic.com/top-peptides-for-weight-loss/?srsltid=AfmBOoqZfOnVChqys6MfjceLDrrqoQWimZt5cVevh7EFJ9pbtTKu8-qj
28. https://coloradomedicalsolutions.com/denver-aod-9604-peptide-therapy-alternatives/